The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
Colonialism is not a modern phenomenon. World history is full of examples of one society gradually expanding by incorporating adjacent territory and settling its people on newly conquered territory. In the sixteenth century, colonialism changed decisively because of technological developments in navigation that began to connect more remote parts of the world. The modern European colonial project emerged when it became possible to move large numbers of people across the ocean and to maintain political control in spite of geographical dispersion. The term colonialism is used to describe the process of European settlement, violent dispossession and political domination over the rest of the world, including the Americas, Australia, and parts of Africa and Asia.
- Colonialism surged in the $16^{\text {th }}$ century due to advancements in navigation, enabling British settlements abroad and global dominance.
- As a result of developments in navigation technology, European colonialism, led to the displacement of indigenous populations and global political changes in the $16^{\text {th }}$ century.
- Colonialism, conceptualized in the $16^{\text {th }}$ century, allowed colonizers to expand their territories, establish settlements, and exercise political power.
- Technological advancements in navigation in the $16^{\text {th }}$ century, transformed colonialism, enabling Europeans to establish settlements and exert political dominance over distant regions.