Scientists recently discovered that Emperor Penguins-one of Antarctica’s most celebrated species-employ a particularly unusual technique for surviving the daily chill. As detailed in an article published today in the journal Biology Letters, the birds minimize heat loss by keeping the outer surface of their plumage below the temperature of the surrounding air. At the same time, the penguins’ thick plumage insulates their body and keeps it toasty$\dots$
The researchers analyzed thermographic images$\dots$ taken over roughly a month during June $2008$. During that period, the average air temperature was $0.32$ degrees Fahrenheit. At the same time, the majority of the plumage covering the penguin’s bodies was even colder: the surface of their warmest body part, their feet, was an average $1.76$ degrees Fahrenheit, but the plumage on their heads, chests and backs were$-1.84,-7.24$ and $-9.76$ degrees Fahrenheit respectively. Overall, nearly the entire outer surface of the penguin’s bodies was below freezing at all times, except for their eyes and beaks. The scientists also used a computer simulation to determine how much heat was lost or gained from each part of the body-and discovered that by keeping their outer surface below air temperature, the birds might paradoxically be able to draw very slight amounts of heat from the air around them. The key to their trick is the difference between two different types of heat transfer: radiation and convection.
The penguins do lose internal body heat to the surrounding air through thermal radiation, just as our bodies do on a cold day. Because their bodies(but not surface plumage) are warmer than the surrounding air, heat gradually radiates outward over time, moving from warmer material to a colder one. To maintain body temperature while losing heat, penguins, like all warm-blooded animals, rely on the metabolism of food. The penguins, though, have an additional strategy. Since their outer plumage is even colder than the air, the simulation showed that they might gain back a little of this heat through thermal convection-the transfer of heat via the movement of a fluid (in this case, the air). As the cold Antarctic air cycles around their bodies slightly warmer air comes into contact with the plumage and donates minute amounts of heat back to the penguins, then cycles away at a slightly colder temperature.
Most of this heat, the researches note, probably doesn't make it all the way through the plumage and back to the penguin’s bodies, but it could make a slight difference. At the very least, the method by which a penguin's plumage wicks heat from the bitterly cold air that surrounds it helps to cancel out some of the heat that's radiating from its interior. And given the Emperor's unusually demanding breeding cycle, every bit of warmth counts$\dots$ Since [penguins trek as far as $75$ miles to the coast to breed and male penguins] don't eat anything during[the incubation period of $64$ days], conserving calories by giving up as little heat as possible is absolutely crucial.
The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage. Physics is a pure science that seeks to understand the behaviour of matter without regard to whether it will afford any practical benefit. Engineering is the correlative applied science in which physical theories are put to some specific use, such as building a bridge or a nuclear reactor. Engineers obviously rely heavily on the discoveries of physicists, but an engineer's knowledge of the world is not the same as the physicist's knowledge. In fact, an engineer's know-how will often depend on physical theories that, from the point of view of pure physics, are false. There are some reasons for this. First, theories that are false in the purest and strictest sense are still sometimes very good approximations to the true ones, and often have the added virtue of being much easier to work with. Second, sometimes the true theories apply only under highly idealized conditions which can only be created under controlled experimental situations. The engineer finds that in the real world, theories rejected by physicists yield more accurate predictions than the ones that they accept.
- The relationship between pure and applied science is strictly linear, with the pure science directing applied science, and never the other way round
- Though engineering draws heavily from pure science, it contributes to knowledge, by incorporating the constraints and conditions in the real world
- The unique task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret the design constraints to produce a successful result
- Engineering and physics fundamentally differ on matters like building a bridge or a nuclear reactor